I have traveled extensively for most of my life
and visited dozens of countries from Chile and Argentina to South Africa to
Australia and New Zealand in the South and from Japan, Korea in the north to
Canada and virtually all countries in between. I have never experienced
anything that rivals my journey into the Sinai desert. I'm at a loss for words
as to how to begin and to how to describe, as closely as, possible the various
aspects of my Sinai experience. I have visited Sinai many times over the last
20 years; so I'm well beyond the initial fascination with the Sinai landscape,
this is no passing infatuation. I will attempt to dissect my experience into
several strands, the sights, the cultural, historical, political and also the
personal and spiritual. The coming together of these strands over a six-day
period was intense, I fear losing the intensity and complexity of my feelings should I opt for waiting to be able to write something that is more thoroughly
thought through, that could come across more coherently.
I have been to Arizona and Utah in the US many
times and have always loved the Grand Canyon, the Colorado River, Zion Canyon
and Lake Powell. There is a certain majestic beauty to the desert, the colors
of the desert, beauty in the ruggedness and the hard edges and in the quality
of light and shadows. In Sinai, deep in the high deserts of Sinai, to the north
of Catherine City, one gets similar beauty to the US Southwest but with the
added richness in colors, the reds and browns are similar, but there, in
addition, are intense black, green and surprisingly sand dunes high up in the
mountains. There is not a single canyon, as vast as the Grand Canyon, but there
are numerous canyons with unexpected twists and turns. There is no river, but
rather massive floods that devastate and rejuvenate. The vastness, that feeling
of immense nature around us one experiences in the Grand Canyon is there as one
looks to the horizon, but what's more is the intimacy of being fully enclosed
within a mountain, this was similar to my own experiences hiking down the Grand
Canyon and being on boat in Lake Powell where I felt the canyon walls close to
me, and I could see the lines and shades in the rocks and different shapes and
shadows surrounded me. I always enjoy wide vistas, but feel more beauty in
something closer where I could have that enclosed feeling, see different sides
of a canyon, the top and the base of the mountain, all from the same vantage
point. In a city, we like the narrow old alleys because we get the intensity of
the place, the measure of it, a similar thing for me with the desert and
mountains in general.
Sinai, largely, remains an undiscovered place and probably
will never be fully discovered, it is interesting to note that in six full
days, we only came across other tourists twice. Imagine having Monument Valley
or Lake Powell all to yourself for few days and imagine that no one has been
down a specific mountain pass before you. Imagine walking on sand dune, high up
in the middle of a rocky mountain and see no other footsteps before yours. The
ongoing massive floods, earthquakes and the effect of the wind on massive mountains
of sandstone mean that Sinai is ever changing, all the time.
Shadows of the mountains before dawn, after
the moon has set, with only the light of the stars are breathtaking, I move the
warm coarse blanket from my face and become fully awake, shifting my eyes
between the stars; the shooting stars distract me, I see them every few
minutes. The silhouettes of the mountains and big rocks near by are, crisp
before my eyes, beautifully haunting. I cover my head again from the cold and
fall asleep, I get too hot, I move the blanket, open my eyes to a new sight, a very different
view, only the brightest of the stars are now visible but I could see more of the
distant mountains, still no sun, but brighter horizon and almost a clear black
line separating the night from dawn, not yet day. The sunsets are amazing but
familiar, the predawn, dawn and sunrise are just breathtakingly magical.
Most people think of Sinai as an empty desolate
place with little history save for the biblical, and the stories of the Hebrew
tribes and Moses. In reality, Sinai has vibrant and long history predating the
time of the pharos. Sadly, in Egypt, with post colonial mindset dominating much
of academia, there is not a separate field of study of any part of Egypt's
history that is not of interest to western universities. So I witnessed,
perhaps ten thousand year old inscriptions that no one seems to know much about and receive no interest from Egyptians historians and archeologists, zero
interest, none! The Nawamees or those ancient 6000-year-old family graves,
predating the pyramids stand totally unprotected from commercial exploitation,
alone in total darkness, away from the Egyptian intellectuals and educational
consciousness. I feel a strange gratitude for the hated Israeli occupation of
Sinai that lasted from 1967 to 1982 for recognizing the importance of Sinai's
history. To this date, it is the maps that Israel produced of the history,
topography and sights of Sinai that most desert safaris still use!
Sinai stands as the intersection between Egypt,
the Levant and Arabia, it had an ancient population that created no temples, no
beautiful statues but managed to create a highly advanced legal code that
remains in use today. In their wisdom the people of Sinai, knew that
their land do not lend itself to great man made architectural projects that
could be wiped out in minutes by flash floods. Today most of the natives of
Sinai speak a unique form of Arabic that borrows from ancient Egyptian
languages and from present day Egyptian Arabic, most of Bedouins also know
another language, not a spoken one; perhaps the oldest sign language in the
world, a necessity in a society with an unusually high percentage of deaf and
mute. In a country like Egypt with huge pyramids, temples, churches, and
mosques, archeologists have their hands full ... who has time or inclination to
look for this oral, this living yet ancient history and culture, all needing so
much research and substantiation! I wonder if a single Egyptian institution of
higher learning has dispatched a single expedition to understand the legal code
of the Bedouins, their language or the history of Sinai!
I had the privilege of the company and
leadership of a great Egyptian, in my eyes, a true hero of Egypt who is totally
focused on the beauty of Sinai and its strong historic ties to Egypt. Samer
Samuel Makarious believes that the Nawamees tombs prove a strong link to
present day Egyptian culture, from the rush to the burial of the dead, to the
annual visits of the dead to the concept of family plots, all of these rituals
remain very much in use and are the norm in today's Egypt. Makarious sees the
language and the calendar of today's Sinai Bedouins borrowing so much from
Ancient Egypt and he chases the inscriptions and the pre Islamic carvings of
the ancient travelers of Sinai with a contagious passion. My last two days in
Sinai were full of Nabataean carvings and of much earlier simplistic paintings
and later Islamic era, perhaps dating to the Saladin expedition across the
Sinai to face the Crusades and the Richard the Lion Heart in Palestine. Touring
Sinai, or on my case, a tiny part of it, on foot and on the back of camels, is
almost a prerequisite for understanding how the ancient people, thousands of
years ago, lived and traveled the Sinai. A house is not a house, it never has
been, it had perhaps been only a collection of stones to form a shelter, a low
height shelter, not more than 20 inches or half a meter above the ground, to protect
from the winds during the cold night hours, much like we did during our journey,
placing our cloth sacks on their sides, behind our heads, copying what the
Bedouins did. Why build something more elaborate that could house snakes or get
washed away in the floods. The inscriptions sometimes can only be seen from the
height of a camel back or on foot, you'd miss them in a jeep! Makarious
confused me, at times, I believed he had a built-in time machine, he could see
those ancient people, taking for the shade in the hot early afternoon sun and
passing the time, with their little playful carvings, or carving a blessing for
one of the ancient gods to secure a mountain pass or performing some sort of
religious rites in these strange houses with no roofs! Makarious knew that only
one side of the valley would have inscriptions, because that’s where he sought
the shade from the hot burning sun in the middle of the day, this is what the
ancient travelers would have done too.
Bedouins to me, have meant those nomadic people
that have always been fiercely independent, that never considered themselves
Egyptian, even though the Egypt propaganda machine waxed lyrically about how
intensely Egyptian they felt, I felt somewhat apprehensive around them, never
understood them fully, somewhat inaccessible. Reading Leila Abu Lughed's book
about the Bedouins of the North West of Egypt opened my eyes to this amazing
society. Abu Lughed's, a Palestinian American woman, lived with Awlad Ali
tribes for some two years to produce her wonderful work, Veiled Sentiments.
Makarious spoke to the Bedouins in their language; blue in Egyptian is black in
their tongue, a word that sounds like to hallucinate in Egyptian Arabic
actually means to speak or discuss! It was fascinating to observe how privately
religious and observant each of our three Bedouin guides were, it was also
amazing to see their discipline and non stop hard work, their keen desire to be
back with their families for the Eid celebration, their cleanliness and
hygiene, their speed. Makarious took deep personal interest in the Bedouins,
loved them and respected them and it showed in their interactions, they
reciprocated and that too showed in their care for him. Makarious relationship
with the Bedouins was not of the patronizing type; it was genuinely that of an
extended family type, a multi generational bond. Makarious more than
twenty-year life experience with the Bedouins gave his observations a certain
depth, his was not an outsider or a mere tour guide, but rather, was man of
deep passion and understanding for the people and the place. While a
vegetarian, I had no regrets being part of the Eid of Sacrifice lunch
celebration, just seeing how four generations of the same family interacted, their simple ways, their generosity with the little they possess and above all, their dignity.
I never liked the expression drinking out of a
fire hose, but in many ways, understanding the history of Sinai and the culture
of today's tribes as Makarious explained them felt just like that. The Bedouins
have clear laws and rules that govern their lives. Makarious explained to us
how to choose a place for our bodily needs, avoid any flat sandy patch that could
be used for rest or sleep, instead always opt for a place that no one would
choose for their rest or camp, avoid trodden pathways. Makarious taught us how
the Bedouins greet as they come into a place or someone, but not as they leave.
Makarious pointed at a small pile of kindling by a thorn brush, to my eyes, it
looked totally random, but to Makarious it revealed that a young woman was nearby
tending her sheep or goats, so we couldn’t take our lunch break in the area. Suitors
of the young woman would leave her gifts near by the kindling, not unlike the
ancient carvings of a woman’s foot print, with a man’s near by as perhaps their
way of courting thousands of years ago. My brother, a deeply religious Muslim had on-going discussions with Makarious, who is a Coptic Christian
about certain appreciation he developed for the stories of the Prophet Mohammad
in light of his new understanding of the lives of the Bedouins and of the stories
of their travels and habits. Makarious, frequently, quotes at length from the Quran and Hadith
to illustrate subtleties of present day Bedouins and my brother quotes from the New Testament. Stripped to their core, much of the religious teachings are reaffirmations of basic human decency.
Mid October is the time when the high deserts
start to get cold and the much feared sand viper disappears for the winter
hibernation, our trip was at the time, where one still needed to be watchful
for both vipers and scorpions. The two young Bedouin guides came across a viper
in the bushes while gathering wood for our dinner, they trapped it in a mineral
water bottle, will sell it probably for less than ten dollars. Seeing that the
feared snake was still around, I became extra vigilant, watching for it around
the bushes and trees; in the process I saw the variety of vegetation.
Makarious knowledge was again encyclopedic, here is the tiny flower of the
desert chamomile and here is "Lassef" fruit, which he called desert
mustard or capers and here's another bush where the seeds are loved by the
goats and the desert trees with their richness serving multiple purposes
feeding the camels and warming the homes; the ancient Egyptians burned their
wood to melt the copper they extracted from Sinai for the pharaohnic
temples.
The historic inscriptions we saw showed herons
and multiple types of deer with long horns, showed what looked like men on
camel back playing something like polo or could be warring, showed women
dancing and also what looked like ancient Gods, at some point the Nabataeans appeared to use a combination of Nabataean and
Arabic writing. The Nabataeans carvings were the most extensive, the older,
more primitive painting and the newer Arabic dating to the middle ages were
fewer.
On the last day, we stopped in what felt like an above ground
cave, we climbed up the rocks to get what felt like a covered theater stage, a
large area. Ancient people, well before the era of the Nabataeans brought their
camels, sheep, goats and whatever other animals they settled with or were traveling
through with, here to take shelter from the rains; layers, as much as three
meters deep, of ancient animal manure. Recently much of the manure was removed
for fertilizers for the nearby cultivation, but one could see the evidence of
the depth, high up on the sides. How much history is buried within this manure,
perhaps we will never know. High up on the walls of the cave and on the
ceilings are ancient inscriptions. Makarious and my brother talked the politics
of it all and how this should be protected, I wondered on, in silence unsure of
what to think, I hold multiple conflicting thoughts without clear conclusions.
For
centuries, successive Egyptian rulers have wrestled with how to deal with the
Bedouins, be it in the North West near the Libyan borders, the South near Sudan
and Nubia or in Sinai. The laws of Egypt in the modern era specifically
excluded Bedouins from military conscription and they were generally recognized
as distinct societies from Egyptians. In the contemporary totalitarian
state introduced by the late president Nasser, Arab nationalism became a state
policy, so all Egyptians became Arab, Egypt became Arab, so a forced
assimilation of the Bedouins into this new identity, a single identity became
state policy. Nasser and his successors used the tools of a modern state to
deal with the Bedouins and soon, the word Bedouin became almost always followed
by the word problem. The tools of state naturally include the carrot and stick,
spending on roads, schools and housing, designed in distant Cairo, with no
knowledge of the destructive Sinai floods or the Bedouin way of life. In the
years since the return of Sinai to Egyptian sovereignty Sinai tourism has seen
unprecedented levels of development and many main land Egyptians have taken up
residence in the coastal tourism centers, much wealth has been created.
I see
the Government of Egypt aiming at improving control over the Bedouins by
attempting to de-bedouinize them and it doesn't hurt if that allows for some
big spending and the inevitable accompanying corruption. Today, as Egypt
battles Islamist terrorism, it depresses me to think of how much of a struggle
Egypt security apparatus, be it army or police, will have to go through to
learn how to deal with the Bedouins of Sinai. I fear huge mistakes will
continue to be made as most Egyptians fail to recognize the distinct culture,
customs, laws and languages of the Bedouins, in short, the Bedouins as distinct
people and identity. Egypt can learn from how other countries deal with their own
indigenous people, Australia, Canada and the USA all present examples; all had
their own shares of mistakes; we don’t need to repeat them. Israel next door
deals with the Bedouin, perhaps in a more successful fashion than Egypt does,
principally because it starts out recognizing the difference in culture and
identity rather than living the false lie of one identity as Egypt does.
It was
hard not to think of the politics as we looked to the El Gunna plateau in the distance, separating South Sinai from its turbulent North and seeing some present day
graffiti boosting of the power of a Bedouin tribal army, for some of the tribes
do live on both side of these mountains. It is hard to not to be thinking of
politics when some of the ancient nawamees have been totally destroyed and
their stones used for building hotels and resorts, hard not to think of
politics, when you can’t help feeling that the Sinai treasures and history are
at risk under the control of Egypt. I also found it hard to be dismissive of
tourism knowing how many millions of Egyptians have been living off of it.
Long periods of quietness, total silence save
for the sound of the wind or that of the camels munching away on their food, or
regurgitating it. I started the trip with my backpack full of all of my modern
technology gadgets, measuring altitudes, distance and time; after a while I was
only using the camera functions; what's more, I only used less than 10% of
everything I carried! I didn't need my watch; I needed relatively small amounts
of water to keep clean! I repacked my cloth sack so I only need to access the
top quarter, if that. I slept on the ground on a thin plastic matt inside my
sleeping bag better than I sleep on my advanced technology 15-inch Swedish made
mattress. The periods of reflection in the silent cold pre dawn, looking at the
nightly extravaganza that only I was awake to watch, the Milky Way, the
shooting stars, the sparkling of the brighter stars, my breathing, the wind,
the susurrus of the bushes, occasionally whistle like then gentle again ... we
need so much, we use so little, we think so much, yet in reality know so little.
Sinai the land of the moon, its hard rugged hostile nature captured me with its
beauty, its people. Its silence, captured me its purity and cleanliness … with
a new inner me that I reconnected with walking ahead of the camels, climbing
the rocky mountains, breathing deeply to overcome a panic attack as a looked at
the deep fall below as we climbed the Mattameer Mountain. Sinai today is the
result of millennia of struggles against the elements; its beauty is the result
of this very struggle. Sinai will persevere , its purity and beauty will outlast
all, this seemingly empty land, deprived of life, is in actual fact the land of
rich life, it will always persevere
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